Chapter
1: Background of reading skill
Introduction
Reading is one great habit that can truly
change your life forever. Reading can entertain you; amuse you, but most of all
it will enrich you with knowledge, and experiences narrated. Reading purely for
leisure is fun as we all know but there exists certain reading skills and
strategies which if mastered at a nascent stage can help us be better and far
more comprehensive readers.Although the term reading strategies might sound to
mechanical and dry for the ears of a creative book-lover, these strategies can
enhance your grasping power and help you get the most out of any book or any
text that you lay your eyes on. These skills might not necessarily be learned
as rigid theories or rules but if understood well once they can definitely
enhance the reading process and increase the quality as well as quantity of
output that you get from after reading. Not only can these strategies can be
taught to children right from school, but can also be used by any person of any
age to help improve their reading process.
Think About What You Want to Know
Before you start reading anything, ask yourself why you're reading
it. Are you reading with a purpose, or just for pleasure? What do you want to
know after you've read it?
Once you know your purpose, you can examine the resource to see
whether it's going to help you.
For example,
with a book, an easy way of doing this is to look at the introduction and the
chapter headings. The introduction should let you know who the book is intended
for, and what it covers. Chapter headings will give you an overall view of the
structure of the subject.
Ask yourself
whether the resource meets your needs, and try to work out if it will give you
the right amount of knowledge. If you think that the resource isn't ideal,
don't waste time reading it.
Remember that
this also applies to content that you subscribe to, such as journals or
magazines, and web-based RSS and social
media news feeds – don't be afraid to prune these resources if you are not
getting value from some publishers.
Theory
about reading strategy and skill
The
strategy and skill of skill are:
1. Anticipating and predicting.
2. Skimming
3. Scaning
4. Detail reading
5. Guessing unknow words.
6. Understanding main idea
7. Inferring
8. Understanding text organization
9. Restatement
10. Multiple choice strategy
11. Assesing a writer’s purpose
12. Evaluating a writer’s atitude.
Chapter
II : Content of reading strategy and
skill.
1. ANTICIPATING AND PREDICTING
Who are some
of the women who changed the world?
Who can regret
the importance of women in our every day life? Women help not only with the
housework but also in the progress of countries. They have reached a high place
comparable to that of men in all fields: politics, business, sport, art,
literature etc.
Here is a list of seven women who made history.
1. Benazir
Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
was a Pakistani-born politician, with Pakistani and
Kurdish origin, who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a centre-left
political party in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a
Muslim state, having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990;
1993–1996). She was Pakistan's first and to date only female prime minister.
she was assassinated on 27 December 2007, after departing a PPP rally in the
Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled Pakistani general
election of 2008 in which she was a leading opposition candidate.
2. Indira
Gandhi
Indira Gandhi was born Indira Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru. She was the third Prime
Minister of the Republic of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977
and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, a total of
fifteen years. India's only female prime minister to date, she remains the
world's longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2011. She was also the only
Indian Prime Minister to have declared an emergency in order to 'rule by
decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned.
3. Khadija
bint Khuwaylid
Khadijah bint
Khuwaylid was the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Khadijah successfully managed her father's business interests and preserved the
family's fortune. It is said that when the Quraysh's trade caravans gathered to
embark upon their lengthy and arduous journey either to Syria during the summer
or to Yemen during the winter, Khadijah's caravan equalled the caravans of all
other traders of the Quraish put together. She is important in Islam as
Muhammad's first wife, and one of the "mothers of the believers" .
4. Margaret
Thatcher
In 1975 Margaret
Thatcher became Leader of the Conservative Party and became the first woman
to head a major UK political party. Following the 1979 general election she
became Britain's first female Prime Minister. Her political philosophy and
economic policies emphasised deregulation, particularly of the financial
sector, flexible labour markets, and the sale or closure of state-owned
companies and withdrawal of subsidies to others. She survived an assassination
attempt in 1984. She took a hard line against trade unions, and her tough
rhetoric in opposition to the Soviet Union earned her the nickname of the
"Iron Lady".
5. Mother
Theresa
Mother Theresa was a
Catholic nun of Albanian ethnicity and Indian citizenship. She founded the
Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India in 1950. For over 45 years she
ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the
Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other
countries. She was internationally renowned as a humanitarian and advocate for
the poor and helpless, due in part to a documentary and book Something
Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge. She won the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1979 and India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1980
for her humanitarian work.
6. Rosa Parks
1913-200
Rosa Louise
McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 –
October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S.
Congress called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the
mother of the freedom movement". On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery,
Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up
her seat to make room for a white passenger. Parks' act of defiance became an
important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international
icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with
civil rights leaders, including boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr., helping
to launch him to national prominence in the civil rights movement.
7. Simone de
Beauvoir 1908-1986
Simone de
Beauvoir was a French existentialist philosopher, public
intellectual, and social theorist. She wrote novels, essays, biographies, an
autobiography in several volumes, and monographs on philosophy, politics, and
social issues. She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She
Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her 1949 treatise The
Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational
tract of contemporary feminism. She is also noted for her lifelong polyamorous
relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre.
Anticipating and predicting are basic in
reading Skill that we use to guess or predict how a pasage will develop. For
excample from the text above. My anticipating process is, when i read the
title, i know the article must be something about some women who changed the
world.
My anticipating from the title is, i have to
know about women who changed the world, What is their purpose, and what they
do.
And then i
have to anticipate many word, that can include on the text. Such as history,
world, women, men, etc.
My
prediction are :
1. This text tell about 7 women who changed the
world.
2. The reason why they choosed by people as
people who changed the world.
3. The subject is the women.
CONCLUSION
Making
predictions activates students' prior knowledge about the text and helps them
make connections between new information and what they already know. By making
predictions about the text before, during, and after reading, students use what
they already know—as well as what they suppose might happen—to make connections
to the text.Snow (1998) has found that throughout the early grades, reading
curricula should include explicit instruction on strategies used to comprehend
text either read to the students or that students read themselves. These
strategies include summarizing the main idea, predicting events or information
to which the text is leading, drawing inferences, and monitoring for
misunderstandings.
PREDICTING
Effective
readers use pictures, titles, headings, and text—as well as personal
experiences—to make predictions before they begin to read. Predicting
involves thinking ahead while reading and anticipating information and events
in the text. After making predictions, students can read through the text and
refine, revise, and verify their predictions. The strategy of making predictions actively engages students and
connects them to the text by asking them what they think might occur in the
story. Using the text, students refine, revise, and verify their thinking and
predictions.
2. SKIMMING
How to be a good citizen ?
Definition of
citizenship
Fortunately, being a
good citizen doesn't stop at the exchange of rights and duties, it requires a
lot of civilized behavior, and responsible acts.
Simple acts to
do in your daily life
All the members of our community, from the youngest to
the eldest, have to cooperate. By cooperating, I don’t mean giving huge
efforts. Simple acts and easy behavior can help us ameliorate our level of
life. As citizens, and students in particular, all we have to do are the steps
below :
- Start with your own home, clean it regularly, and
take care of your front door area.
- Being a good neighbor by caring about others.
- Don’t overuse water and electricity.
- Respect your neighbors, help them if necessary,
and act politely.
- Don't litter, or throw trash in the street.
- Don't spit in the street, it doesn't only bother
the other passers-by, but it also affects your discipline, and it's very
far from being civilized.
- Try to cross the street in the crossing passage.
The town will look organized, and it lowers the level of accidents.
- Let’s try to walk in the sidewalk, or the
pavement, because it causes fewer difficulties to drivers in the city.
- Respect your school, especially its doors, walls
and windows. They are not yours ; you only borrow them for a year or
more.
- Being a citizen is a source of pride. Don’t try
to ignore your origins in front of foreigners. Have you ever seen any of
them deny being who s/he really is ?
- Act nicely with tourists. If we want our country
to receive millions of tourists , try to be nice.
- If you can study about your country, it would be
great. See the extreme diversity you have (the desert, the sea, the
mountains, the different dialects, the traditions, the traditional
clothes).
- If you don’t vote, who will ? A simple act
can place the right person in the right place.
- In emergencies, don’t be afraid. Help the people
in need. (Blood donations, call the police, the ambulance, and help a lady
in the street...) Imagine you were in their place, wouldn't you like to
have other people standing by your side ?
When you become a parent, teach this to your children. Citizenship
starts from childhood, and only ends by the time you die. It’s only by
practicing those really simple acts that our daily life can get better. I hope
this will help us understand another meaning of good citizenship.
SKIMMING
My skimming process is I try to find is :
1. The title is how to be a good citizen ?
2. Introductory paragraph Citizenship is a
sacred honor.
3. First, second and last sentences of following
paragraph.
4. Concluding paragraph When you become a parent, teach this to your children. Citizenship
start from chilhood, and only ends by the time you die. It’s only by practising
those really simple acts that our daily life can get better.
CONCLUSION
Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of
a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it
word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed
three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they
have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when
you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.
3. SCANNING
The Old Man and the Sea
The Old Man
and the Sea is the story of a
battle between an old, experienced Cuban fisherman and a large marlin. The
novel opens with the explanation that the fisherman, who is named Santiago, has
gone 84 days without catching a fish. In fact, he is so unlucky that his young
apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man
and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. Still dedicated to the
old man, however, the boy visits Santiago's shack each night. On the
eighty-fifth day, Santiago sets out alone, taking his skiff far onto the Gulf
Stream. He sets his lines and, by noon of the first day, a big fish that he is
sure is a marlin takes his bait. After a long struggle with the fish Santiago
manages to strap the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home, thinking
about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people
he will feed. While Santiago sails back back to the shore, sharks are attracted
to the trail of blood left by the marlin in the water. Despite his efforts to
ward off the sharks, they have almost devoured the marlin's entire carcass,
leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head.
Once home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep. The next day, a
group of fishermen gather around the boat where the fish's skeleton is still
attached. Manolin, worried during the old man's endeavor, cries upon finding
him safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man
wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep,
Santiago dreams of his youth—of lions on an African beach. The old man feels
very unwell and also coughs up blood a few times towards the end of the story.
He doesn't tell the boy.
The novel has received
so much praise and is considered to be one of the best novels in American
literature. Santiago fights the creatures of the sea and some readers think
that the story is about man’s battle against the natural world. However,
the novel can be viewed as the story of man’s place in relation to nature. In
the story, Santiago and the marlin show similar qualities of pride, honor, and
bravery, and both are subject to the same eternal natural law - they must kill
or be killed. Santiago himself says:
“man is not made for defeat . . . [a] man can be
destroyed but not defeated.
Scanning
Scaning is the way to read quickly, to find the specific piece of
information from the text.
My process to find the information from the
text are :
1. I read the text quickly and i try to find the
word is connected with the topic, for example, the topic is about the old man
and the sea , and i try to find the related word about the man and the sea.
Conclusion
Scanning is a technique you often use when
looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words
or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're
concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your
eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also
used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your
questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.
4.DETAILED
READING
Sedna the Sea Goddess
Soon a young hunter from a distant place came to her father’s camp . He was dressed in warm furs, and spoke in a soft voice. He promised to provide a good home and plenty of animals for food and clothing. Although he kept his face hidden under his hood, Sedna was very impressed with him, so she agreed to marry him.
Sedna got into her husband’s kayak and travelled with him to her new home. When they arrived at his island, she saw that her home was nothing but some sticks and bits of moss and feathers clinging to a large rock. Her husband took off his hood, and she realized that he was not a man, but an evil raven. He never hunted, he only caught fish. Sedna was cold, lonely, hungry, and very unhappy. Every day she cried for her father to come and save her.
Her father heard her cries and decided to rescue her. He paddled his kayak to the island where she was living. On their way home, Sedna looked back and saw that the raven was following them. He was gaining on them quickly. As the raven came close, her father took his paddle and struck the bird, who had to fall back. Then the raven flapped his powerful wings at the ocean and caused a huge storm to blow up.
When her father saw that their lives were in danger, he became afraid for his own life. He threw Sedna over the side of the kayak. Sedna tried to save herself. She grabbed onto the kayak with her fingers, but her father took his paddle and beat at her fingers until they broke off. As they sank into the ocean, her fingers turned into seals and fish. Again, Sedna grabbed the kayak with her hands, but her father took his paddle and beat her hands until they also fell into the water. As they sank into the ocean, her hands turned into whales and walrus. Sedna also sank into the ocean.
Sedna lives at the bottom of the ocean. She is the goddess of the sea. She is the one who provides animals for the hunters, but only when she feels generous. When she is angry, and this is often, the hunters can’t find food; and the people go hungry.
DETAILED READING
From the text i can get information about the
goddes of sea and why Sedna became sea goddes.
CONCLUSION
Detailed reading means
reading carefully to aid understanding.
Some disciplines such as law and literature, for example, require a very
detailed understanding of the text. This
kind of reading is always more time consuming, but can be combined with
skimming and scanning for greater efficiency. If the text you are reading is a
photocopy or your own book, take full advantage by underlining or highlighting
and using the margins for your own comments or questions.
5. Guessing Unknow Word.
Tips
to succeed in your career
1. Priorities and goals
What are your
priorities of the day? Make a list and of your priorities and plan your day.
The tasks of the day must be outlined with the most important and urgent ones
on top.
Likewise
determine your short-term and long-term goals and evaluate your progress
frequently.
2. Be focused
Are you
really present physically and mentally. Try to block out all distractions so
that you have the time to truly focus on your tasks and career.
3. Broaden your skills
Nothing
remains the same and so do job requirements. Update your knowledge and skills.
Seek improvement of your know-hows. Attend seminars, conferences, read books,
be an eternal learner.
4. Socialize
Be ready to
participate in social functions. Be open to new acquaintances. Meet new people
and deal with them respectfully and enthusiastically. Be an active listener;
you will surely learn something new...
5. Know your merits
Know your
strengths and weaknesses. If you think you deserve a position or promotion,
claim it.
6. Accept challenge
Through
challenge you will reach areas of your personality you have never discovered before.
It is a good idea to step away from your comfort zone to explore new horizons.
If you settle into a routine and play it safe all the time, you will never get
ahead in your career. 'If you always do what you've always done, you'll only
get what you've already got'
7. Communication
Learn to
communicate effectively. Listen to what others are saying and focus on how to
give and receive constructive feedback, to persuade effectively and to ask for
help and collect information.
8. Avoid gossip
Avoid office
gossip about colleagues and the boss. Be respectful and work for the good of
the company.
9 Relax
Relax and do
something different, a hobby that you love doing. Take time off for yourself.
This will help boost your productivity during week days.
10. Seek satisfaction
If you are
disappointed with what you are doing, try to transform it into something you
love. If you fail, it might be a good idea to do something different. As
Confucius said: 'Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in
your life. '
GUESSING UNKNOWN
WORDS
My process to
guessing the unknow word are, I’ll try to fing the difficult word, and the
sentence has symbol ( - - ) from the text, for example. And after i read all the article, i try to find the difficult word and
try to search it in dictionary.
CONCLUSION
The first paragraph, we use definition
clues indirectly.The second paragraph, we use contrast clues. And
the third paragraph, we use example clues to make us more understand.
6 .
UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS
Rosa Louise
McCauley Parks was born on February 4, 1913 and died on October 24, 2005. She
was an African-American civil and was called "the first lady of civil
rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement".
Rosa Parks'
first event in her fight for civil rights was in Montgomery, Alabama. On
December 1, 1955, Parks refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she
give up her seat to make room for a white passenger. This disobedience and
defiance had the effect of sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. It became an
important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an
international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and
collaborated with civil rights leaders, including boycott leader Martin Luther
King, Jr., helping to launch him to national prominence in the civil rights
movement.
Although
widely honored in later years for her action, she suffered for it, losing her
job as a seamstress in a local department store. Eventually, she moved to
Detroit, Michigan, where she found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served
as secretary and receptionist to African-American U.S. Representative John
Conyers. After retirement from this position, she wrote an autobiography and
lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her final years she suffered from
dementia, and became involved in a lawsuit filed on her behalf against American
hip-hop duo OutKast.
Parks
eventually received many honors ranging from the 1979 Spingarn Medal to the
Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal and a posthumous
statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Her death in 2005
was a major story in the United States' leading newspapers. She was granted the
posthumous honor of lying in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.
My process to understanding main idea from the
text above is with read the article each paragraph. For example, this article
have 4 paragraph.
1. First paragraph tell us about who is Rosa
Louise McCauley Parks.
2. Second
paragraph tell us about how he became an
international icon of resistance to racial segregation.
3. Third paragraph tell us about why she moved to
Detroit, Michigan.
4. Fourth paragraph tell us about how many honors
she got.
CONCLUSION
A main idea is important information that tells more
about the overall idea of a paragraph or section of a text. A main idea is a
sentence that states what that essay or article will be about. The main idea
sets up the rest of the article and is included in the introduction or first
paragraph.
FILMS
A film, also called
a movie or motion
picture, is a series of still images on a strip of plastic which, when
run through a projector and shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving
images. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture
camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional
animation techniques; by means of CGI (Computer-generated imagery) and computer
animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other
visual effects. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry.
Films usually
include an optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the spoken
words, music and other sounds that are to accompany the images. It runs along a
portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected.
Films are
cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures,
and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a
source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or
indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of
communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using
dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer.
The
individual images that make up a film are called frames. During projection, a
rotating shutter causes intervals of darkness as each frame in turn is moved
into position to be projected, but the viewer does not notice the interruptions
because of an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The
perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called beta movement.
The name
"film" originates from the fact that photographic film (also called
film stock) has historically been the medium for recording and displaying
motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture,
including picture,
picture show,
moving
picture, photoplay and flick. The most common term in the United States is movie,
while in Europe film
is preferred. Terms for the field in general include the big
screen, the silver screen, the movies and cinema; the latter is commonly used in scholarly texts
and critical essays, especially by European writers. In early years, the word sheet
was sometimes used instead of screen.
My process
to inferring the text is, I make an answer
from the question,
1.
what the topic
about? About Films.
2.
Why the writers
make the definitions of films ? To make us understand.
CONCLUSION
Inferences
are those pieces of information we glean from print that aren't directly
stated, or "reading between the lines." The meaning that is inferred
from the actions characters take, for example, or from the order of certain
events all help us to draw inferences. Inferences are skills needed to
understand what we read in order to continue reading. They answer questions
about who, what, where, when, why and how. To get to an inference, or an
answer, the obvious questions of who, what, where, when, why, and how need to
be asked when information isn't obvious. Simply asking them, and thinking about
what the answers might be based on what is known so far, can help draw an
inference.
8. Understanding Text Organization
How to read health news
By
Dr Alicia White
If you’ve just read a health-related
headline that has caused you to spit out your morning coffee (“Coffee causes
cancer” usually does the trick), it’s always best to follow the Blitz slogan:
“Keep Calm and Carry On”. On reading further, you’ll often find the headline
has left out something important, such as: “Injecting five rats with really
highly concentrated coffee solution caused some changes in cells that might
lead to tumours eventually (study funded by The Association of Tea Marketing)”.
The most important rule to remember
is: don’t automatically believe the headline. It is there to draw you into
buying the paper and reading the story. Would you read an article called,
“Coffee pretty unlikely to cause cancer, but you never know”? Probably not.To
avoid spraying your newspaper with coffee in the future, you need to analyse
the article to see what it says about the research it is reporting on. Bazian
(the company I work for) has appraised hundreds of articles for Behind The
Headlines on NHS Choices, and we’ve developed the following questions to help
you figure out which articles you’re going to believe and which you’re not.
Does the article support its claims with scientific research?
Your first concern should be the research
behind the news article. If an article touts a treatment or some aspect of your
lifestyle that is supposed to prevent or cause a disease, but doesn’t give any
information about the scientific research behind it, then treat it with a lot
of caution. The same applies to research that has yet to be published.
Is the article based on a conference abstract?
Another area for caution is if the news
article is based on a conference abstract. Research presented at conferences is
often at a preliminary stage and usually hasn’t been scrutinised by experts in the field. Also,
conference abstracts rarely provide full details about methods, making it
difficult to judge how well the research was conducted. For these reasons,
articles based on conference abstracts should be no cause for alarm. Don’t
panic or rush off to your GP.
Was the research in humans?
Quite often, the 'miracle cure' in the
headline turns out to have only beetested on cells in the laboratory or
on animals.
These stories are regularly accompanied by pictures of humans n, which creates
the illusion that the miracle cure came from human studies. Studies in cells
and animals are crucial first steps and should not be undervalued. However,
many drugs that show promising results in cells in laboratories don’t work in
animals, and many drugs that show promising results in animals don’t work in
humans. If you read a headline about a drug or food 'curing' rats, there is a
chance it might cure humans in the future, but unfortunately a larger chance
that it won’t. So there is no need to start eating large amounts of the 'wonder
food' featured in the article.
How many people did the research study include?
In general, the larger a study the
more you can trust its results. Small studies may miss important differences
because they lack statistical “power”, and are also more susceptible to finding
things (including things that are wrong) purely by chance.
You can visualise this by thinking
about tossing a coin. We know that if we toss a coin the chance of getting a
head is the same as that of getting a tail – 50/50. However, if we didn’t know
this and we tossed a coin four times and got three heads and one tail, we might
conclude that getting heads was more likely than tails. But this chance finding
would be wrong. If we tossed the coin 500 times - i.e. gave the experiment
more "power" - we'd be more likely to get a heads/tails ratio close
to 50/50, giving us a better idea of the true odds. When it comes to sample
sizes, bigger is usually better. So when you see a study conducted in a handful
of people, treat it with caution.
Did the study have a control group?
There are many different types of
studies appropriate for answering different types of questions. If the question
being asked is about whether a treatment or exposure has an effect or not, then
the study needs to have a control group. A control group
allows the researchers to compare what happens to people who have the
treatment/exposure with what happens to people who don’t. If the study doesn’t
have a control group, then it’s difficult to attribute results to the treatment
or exposure with any level of certainty.
Also, it’s important that the control
group is as similar to the treated/exposed group as possible. The best way to
achieve this is to randomly assign some people to be in the treated/exposed
group and some people to be in the control group. This is what happens in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and is why RCTs
are considered the 'gold standard' for testing the effects of treatments and
exposures. So when reading about a drug, food or treatment that is supposed to
have an effect, you want to look for evidence of a control group and, ideally,
evidence that the study was an RCT. Without either, retain some healthy
scepticism.
Did the study actually assess what’s in the
headline?
This one is a bit tricky to explain
without going into a lot of detail about things called proxy outcomes. Instead,
bear in mind this key point: the research needs to have examined what is being
talked about in the headline and article (somewhat alarmingly, this isn’t
always the case).For example, you might read a headline that claims: “Tomatoes
reduce the risk of heart attacks”. What you need to look for is evidence that
the study actually looked at heart attacks. You might instead see that the
study found that tomatoes reduce blood pressure. This means that someone has
extrapolated that tomatoes must also have some impact on heart attacks, as high
blood pressure is a risk factor for heart attacks. Sometimes these
extrapolations will prove to be true, but other times they won’t. Therefore if
a news story is focusing on a health outcome that was not examined by the
research, treat it with a pinch of salt.
Who paid for and conducted the study?
This is a somewhat cynical point, but
one that’s worth making. The majority of trials today are funded by manufacturers
of the product being tested – be it a drug, vitamin cream or foodstuff. This
means they have a vested interest in the results of the trial, which can
potentially affect what the researchers find and report in all sorts of
conscious and unconscious ways. This is not to say that all
manufacturer-sponsored trials are unreliable. Many are very good. However, it’s
worth seeing who funded the study to sniff out a potential conflict of
interest.
Should you 'shoot the messenger'?
Overblown claims might not necessarily
be down to the news reporting itself. Although journalists can sometimes
misinterpret a piece of research, at other times the researchers (or other
interested parties) over-extrapolate, making claims their research doesn’t
support. These claims are then repeated by the journalists. Given that
erroneous claims can come from a variety of places, don’t automatically assume
they come from the journalist. Instead, use the questions above to figure out
for yourself what you’re going to believe and what you’re not.
How can I find out more?
It’s not possible to cover all the questions
that need to be asked about research studies in a short article, but we’ve
covered some of the major ones. Visit some of the useful links above if you’re
interested in finding out more.
My process to understanding text organization
is, i try to find what the purpose of the writer. From the text above i know,
the writer want to tell us about how to read healty news, and how the way to
read it.
CONCLUSION
Writer’s structure, or organizetheire writngin
many different ways. Recognized the ways in which a text has been organized
will help you tounderstanding its meaning more fully. A writer may want to
outine a situation, discuss a problem and propose a solution, or to compare and
contrast two idea.
9.
RESTATEMENT
Amazon river
The Amazon River (US /ˈæməzɒn/ or UK /ˈæməzən/; Spanish and Portuguese: Amazonas) in South America is generally
regarded as the second longest river in the
world and is by far the largest by waterflow with an averagedischarge of about
209,000 cubic meters per second (7,381,000 cu ft/s), greater than the next seven largest rivers
combined (not including Madeira and Rio Negro, which are tributaries of the
Amazon). The Amazon, which has the largest drainage
basin in the world,
about 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi), accounts for approximately
one-fifth of the world's total river flow. The river would have the biggest drainage
basin in the world
even just counting Brazil, which it enters with only one-fifth of the volume
that will finally be discharged into the Atlantic.[3][4]
In its upper
stretches, above the confluence of the Rio Negro, the Amazon is called Solimões
in Brazil; however, inPeru, Colombia and Ecuador, as well as
the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, the river
is generally called the Amazon downstream from the confluence of the Marañón and Ucayali rivers in
Peru. The Ucayali-Apurímac river system
is considered the main source of the Amazon, with its main headstream being the Carhuasanta glacial
stream flowing off the Nevado Mismi mountain.
The width of
the Amazon is between 1.6 and 10 kilometres (1.0 and 6.2 mi) at
low stage but expands during the wet
season to 48
kilometres (30 mi) or more. The river enters the Atlantic
Ocean in a broad estuary about 240
kilometres (150 mi) wide. The mouth of the main
stem is 80 kilometres
(50 mi).[5] Because of
its vast dimensions, it is sometimes called The River Sea. The first bridge in the Amazon
river system (over the Rio
Negro) opened on 10 October 2010 nearManaus, Brazil.
The total
volume of water of the Amazon river in a year is about 6,591 cubic kilometers
(to compare, the water volume of Lake Baikal is
23,615 cubic km).
Mammals
Along with the Orinoco, the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto, also known as
the Amazon
river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis).
It is the largest species of river dolphin, and it can
grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in). The color of
its skin changes with age. It varies from gray when it is young, to pink and
white as it matures. The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river's tricky depths.[19] The boto is
the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that
turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside. Thetucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), also a dolphin
species, is found both in the rivers of the Amazon Basin and in the coastal
waters of South America. The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus
inunguis) also known as "seacow" is found in the northern Amazon
River Basin and its tributaries. It is a mammal and an herbivore. Its
population is limited to fresh water habitats and unlike other manatees, it does
not venture into salt water. It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter (Pteronura
brasiliensis). It is a member of the weasel family
and is the largest of its kind. Because of habitat destruction and hunting its
population has dramatically decreased.
Reptiles
The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon Basin. One of the world's
largest species of snake, the anaconda spends most of its time in the water,
with just its nostrils above the surface. In addition to the thousands of
species of fish, the river supports crabs, algae, and turtles. The caiman, which is related to alligators and other
crocodilians, also inhabits the Amazon.
Fish
The Amazonian fish fauna is the center of diversity for Neotropical
fishes, of which more than 5,600 species are currently known[20] Thebull shark (Carcharhinus
leucas) has been reported 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) up the Amazon
River at Iquitos in Peru. The arapaima, known in
Brazil as the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), is a South
American tropical freshwater fish. It is one of
the largest freshwater fish in the world, reportedly with a maximum length of 3
metres (9.8 ft) and weight up to 200 kilograms (440 lb).[21] Another
Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana (or aruanã in
Portuguese), such as the silver arowana(Osteoglossum
bicirrhosum), which is also a
predator and very similar to the arapaima but only reaches a length of 120
centimetres (47 in). Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha, an
omnivorous fish which congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and
even humans. There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha. However, only
a few of its species are known to attack humans, most notably Pygocentrus
nattereri, the red-bellied
piranha. The candirú are a number of general parasitic,[22] fresh
water catfish in the
family Trichomycteridae; all are native to the Amazon River.[23] The electric eel (Electrophorus
electricus) and more than 100 species of weakly electric fishesGymnotiformes also
inhabit the Amazon Basin. River stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) are also
known.
Microbiota
Freshwater
microbes are generally not very well known, even less so for a pristine
ecosystem like the Amazon. Recently, metagenomics has
provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river.[24] The
most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria andCrenarchaeotThe Amazon river has a series
of major river systems in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, some of
which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali,
others directly into the Amazon proper. Among others, these include the
following rivers: Putumayo, Caquetá, Vaupés,Guainía, Morona, Pastaza, Nucuray,
Urituyacu, Chambira, Tigre, Nanay, Napo, andHuallaga.
The most
distant source of the Amazon was established in 1996,[10] 2001,[11] 2007,[12]and 2008,[13] as a glacial
stream on a snowcapped 5,597 m (18,363 ft) peak calledNevado Mismi in the
Peruvian Andes, roughly
160 km (99 mi) west of Lake Titicaca and
700 km (430 mi) southeast of Lima. The waters
from Nevado Mismi flow into the Quebradas Carhuasanta and Apacheta,
which flow into the Río Apurímac which is a
tributary of the Ucayali which later joins the Marañón to form the Amazon
proper. While the Ucayali–Marañón confluence is the point at which most
geographers place the beginning of the Amazon proper, in Brazil the river is
known at this point as the Solimõesdas Águas. Further
downriver from that confluence the darkly colored waters of the Rio Negro meet
the sandy colored Rio
Solimões, and for over 6 km (4 mi) these waters run side by side
without mixing.
After the
confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali, the river leaves Andean terrain and is
surrounded by floodplain. From this
point to the Marañón, some 1,600 km (990 mi), the forested banks are
just out of water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum
flood stage. The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills, and the
river enters the enormous Amazon Rainforest.
The river
systems and flood plains in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela,
whose waters drain into the Solimões and its
tributaries, are called the "Upper Amazon". The Amazon River proper
runs mostly through Brazil and Peru. It is part of the border between Colombia
and Perú, and it has tributaries reaching into Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia.
My restatement is The Amazon River in South America is generally regarded as the second
longest river in the world and is by far the largest
by waterflow with an averagedischarge of about 209,000 cubic meters per second
(7,381,000 cu ft/s), greater than the
next seven largest rivers combined (not
including Madeira and Rio
Negro, which are tributaries of the Amazon). It have mammals, reptiles and
fish. It also have microbiota.
CONCLUSION
Restatement is to understand the article, you
must be able to identify restated information or put into other words
information given in the passage.
10. MULTIPLE
CHOICES READING
What to do during summer holiday?
After a whole
school year of hard work, you may be wondering what you can do during the
summer holiday. Here are some suggestions.
1. Rest
Don't feel guilty. Take some time to rest. You deserve it after a year of hard work.
Don't feel guilty. Take some time to rest. You deserve it after a year of hard work.
2.Movies
See the latest movies or just pick one of the old movies that you have missed. Make it a family movie night every week.
See the latest movies or just pick one of the old movies that you have missed. Make it a family movie night every week.
3.Beach or
swimming pool
When you're feeling a bit bored, a dip in the water will revitalize your mood. Of course, make sure to protect your skin with a hat and sunscreen.
When you're feeling a bit bored, a dip in the water will revitalize your mood. Of course, make sure to protect your skin with a hat and sunscreen.
4. Learn a skill
You might be interested in learning new skills such as cooking, playing soccer, playing a musical instrument. The summer is a great time for that.
You might be interested in learning new skills such as cooking, playing soccer, playing a musical instrument. The summer is a great time for that.
5. Read
You've got plenty of time to read. Although technology has taken a major part of our lives, there is nothing more entertaining and informative than reading a book. Choose a topic you are interested in and read about it during the summer holiday.
You've got plenty of time to read. Although technology has taken a major part of our lives, there is nothing more entertaining and informative than reading a book. Choose a topic you are interested in and read about it during the summer holiday.
6. Writing
keep a journal of what you are doing during the holiday. Writing a diary helps you a have a clear view of the events of the day. You might even give free vent to your artistic side and have a try in writing poems, short essays...
keep a journal of what you are doing during the holiday. Writing a diary helps you a have a clear view of the events of the day. You might even give free vent to your artistic side and have a try in writing poems, short essays...
7. Travel
Visit places you have never been to. You don't need to make a long journey to find such places. They may be just near where you are.
Visit places you have never been to. You don't need to make a long journey to find such places. They may be just near where you are.
8. Sport
If you are not already practicing a sport, think of taking up jogging, walking, tennis, soccer, or whatever... Make a decision about it and start exercising in order to be healthier, reduce stress and get ready for a new year of hard work.
If you are not already practicing a sport, think of taking up jogging, walking, tennis, soccer, or whatever... Make a decision about it and start exercising in order to be healthier, reduce stress and get ready for a new year of hard work.
My process to understand the text I have to
know how to answer the multiple choice question for example.
1.
What to do during summer holiday ?
a.
Do your hobby.
b.
Take a rest.
c.
Travelling.
d.
Study.
CONCUSION
Some question are in a multiple choice, format. They are follow the same
principle, the same idea that there one stem. Althougth only one correct.
11. ASSESING A WRITER’S PURPOSE
MICHAEL JACKSON
Michael Joseph Jackson[1][2] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter, dancer, businessman andphilanthropist. Often
referred to by the honorific nickname "King of Pop", or by his initials MJ,[3] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all
time by Guinness World Records. His
contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal
life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.
The eighth child of the Jackson
family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his
brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s,
Jackson became the dominant figure in popular music. The music
videos for his songs, including those of "Beat
It," "Billie
Jean," and "Thriller," were
credited with breaking down racial barriers and transforming the medium into an
art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped to bring
the then relatively new television channel MTV to fame. With videos such as "Black
or White" and "Scream" he
continued to innovate the medium throughout the 1990s, as well as forging a
reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances,
Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot, and the moonwalk, to which he
gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip
hop, post-disco, contemporary
R&B, pop, and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all
time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987),Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one
of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the
first and only dancer from pop and rock music. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy
Awards as well as
theGrammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement
Award; 26 American Music Awards, more than
any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century" and
"Artist of the 1980s"; 13 number-one
singles in the United States in his solo career, more than any other male artist in the Hot
100 era; and the
estimated sale of over 400 million records worldwide.[4][5][6][Note
1] Jackson has
wonhundreds of
awards, making him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of
popular music.[7] In what would have been Jackson's 52nd birthday on August 29,
2010, he became the most downloaded artist of all time.[8][9] Jackson constantly traveled the world attending events honoring
his humanitarianism and the 2000 Guinness Book of Records recognized him for
supporting 39 charities.[10]
Aspects of Jackson's personal
life, including his changing appearance, personal
relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In the mid-1990s, he was accused
of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of
court for about $25 million and no formal charges were brought.[11] In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other
charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for
his comeback concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acutepropofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac
arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's
death triggered a global outpouring of grief and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world.
Assesing a writer’s purpose
My process
to know what the writer purpose is, when i read the title, the writer
want to give some information about Michael Jackson.
CONCLUSION
From
the text we can know what the porpuse of the writer. May be they want to
give information, or persuade the reader, or may be both of these.
12. EVALUATING A WRITER’S ATTITUDE
CAT BEHAVIOUR
Free-ranging cats are active both day and night, although they
tend to be slightly more active at night. The timing of cats' activity is quite
flexible and varied, which means that house cats may be more active in the
morning and evening (crepuscular behavior),
as a response to greater human activity at these times. Although they spend the
majority of their time in the vicinity of their home, housecats can range many
hundreds of meters from this central point, and are known to establish territories that vary
considerably in size, in one study ranging from 7 to 28 hectares (17 to
69 acres).
Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals,
especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually
12–16 hours, with 13–14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20
hours in a 24-hour period. The term "cat
nap" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall
asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short
periods of rapid eye movement sleep often
accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests that they are dreaming.
Sociability
Although wildcats are solitary, the social behavior of domestic
cats is much more variable and ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that form
around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females. Within such
groups one cat is usually dominant over the others. Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually
active males having the largest territories, which are about ten times larger
than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories.
These territories are marked by urine
spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial
glands, and by defecation. Between these territories are neutral areas where
cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these
neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by
staring, hissing, and growling, and if that
does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite some cats
cohabiting in colonies, cats do not have a social survival strategy, or a pack mentality and always
hunt alone.
Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, including purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several
different forms of meowing.[7] By contrast,
feral cats are generally silent.[119]:208 Their types
of body
language, including position of ears and tail, relaxation of whole body,
and kneading of paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are
particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats,[120][121] e.g. with a
raised tail acting as a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicating
hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's social hierarchy, with
dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate animals.
Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is
solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head.
However, some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older
cats may show aggressiveness towards newly arrived kittens, which may include
biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as Feline Asocial Aggression.
Even though cats and dogs are believed to be natural
enemies, they can live together if correctly socialized.
For cats, life in proximity to humans and other animals kept by
them amounts to a symbiotic social adaptation. They may express great affection
towards their human (and even other) companions, especially if they psychologically imprint on them at a
very young age and are treated with consistent affection.[citation needed] It has been
suggested that, ethologically, the human
keeper of a cat functions as a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother,[citation needed] and that
adult housecats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, a form of
behavioral neoteny. It has even
been theorized that the high-pitched sounds housecats make to solicit food may
mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly hard for
humans to ignore.
Grooming
Cats are known for their cleanliness, spending many hours licking
their coats. The cat's tongue has
backwards-facing spines about 500 micrometers long, which
are called papillae. These are
quite rigid, as they contain keratin. These
spines allow cats to groom themselves by licking their fur, with the rows of
papillae acting like a hairbrush. Some cats, particularly longhaired cats,
occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that
have collected in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually
sausage-shaped and about two to three centimeters long. Hairballs can be
prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as
well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. Some cats can
develop a compulsive behavior known as psychogenic alopecia, or
excessive grooming.
Basedon the text, I think the writer attitude
is good enough because theire report is objective and give information to
reader, and also persuade the reader to open the mind about that issue.
CONCLUSION
writers are not necessaryneutral or objective
wheb write. It is important to us to recognized what’s author attitudes is in
relation to the ideas or information, because attitude can infuence the reader
which information is presented.
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